Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common metabolic complication during pregnancy. So, a large number of studies have evaluated the usefulness of different screening tests. The aim of this study was focused on the potential of only first-trimester screening used in the prediction of GDM. Materials and Methods: In this systematic review, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus (between 2010 and 2020) and also searched the reference lists of the relevant articles manually. After performing a thorough evaluation of the 242 potentially eligible papers, only 60 papers were selected in terms of the inclusion criteria. Search key terms were combining „ Gestational diabetes‟ or „ GD‟ “ gestational diabetes mellitus” or” GDM” or pregnancyinduced diabetes‟ with at least one of the following terms: “ screening test” , “ first-trimester” , “ prediction” , “ marker predictor” , “ serum marker” . Results: A total of 161954 pregnant women were evaluated in these reviewed studies. Moreover, many tests were assessed in the first trimester of pregnancy to predict GDM. This review showed that hs-CRP, FPG, TG, and LDL-C along with maternal BMI in the first trimester were related to the increased risk of developing GDM. Other tests were used in only one or two studies. Conclusion: This review showed that hs-CRP, FPG, TG, and LDL-C along with maternal BMI in the first trimester were linked to an increased risk of developing GDM. It is recommended that further well-designed studies by considering the cost-effective advantages of these predictive tests, should be performed.

Introduction: For interpretation of the most common biochemical markers reference intervals (RIs) are widely considered and reported. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to determine age-specific RIs for some biochemical tests by removing and/or limiting critical gaps including sex, age group, geographical region, measurement device, and type of kits and reagents for routine laboratory biochemical variables in healthy adolescent girls aged 12-19 years. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study a total of 1026 adolescent girl was recruited. According to the study aim, the levels of serum for some routine biochemical tests were measured on a BT-3000 auto-analyzer. On the basis of the non-parametric rank method and by use of CLSI Ep28-A3 guidelines, we determined age-specific RIs, including confidence interval 90%, under specific exclusion criteria. Results: Age partitioning was required for none of the upper and lower limits of biochemical markers. All Serum biochemical tests concentration remained relatively constant throughout the age range. Conclusion: By removing and/or limiting critical gaps involved in reference values of biochemical tests, it has provided an important understanding of metabolic processes and it has facilitated clinical application to track different diseases better.

To determine the extent and the size of the environment pollution with heavy metals, biological methods, investigating the enzymatic activity of soil can be applied. Most frequently, the enzymes investigated in the soils threatened with anthropogenic contamination are phosphatases, dehydrogenases as reacting fastest to the increase in the content of heavy metals in the environment. The aim of the paper was to apply the results of the research to the activity of selected oxydo-reducing and hydrolytic enzymes to define the pollution of soils with zinc, copper and nickel of the Unisław Basin, the Kujawy and Pomorze Province. The total contents of Cu, Zn and Ni in the soils of the region allow for classifying the soils as unpolluted with those metals, while the contents of the forms extracted with the DTPA solution point to a low mobility of the elements and to their availability to plants. In terms of the negative effect of those heavy metals on the activity of selected enzymes, they have been ordered as follows: dehydrogenases: Ni>Zn, alkaline phosphatase: Zn>Cu, acid phosphatase: Zn>Cu. The use of enzymatic tests to evaluate the ecochemical condition of soils even with a natural content of heavy metals facilitates the long-term monitoring and identifying the trends.

Introduction: Lead is a heavy metal with vast usage in the industry. Lead toxicity affects any organ in the body. It causes various clinical presentations, which leads to diagnostic complexity. Regarding recent increased observation of cases with lead toxicity in our center, we aimed to evaluate the frequencies of lead toxicity in patients referred to Imam-Reza Hospital’ s laboratory and find a possible relationship between the blood lead level (BLL) and hematological and biochemical tests. Methods: From 2016 to 2017, the patients referred to Imam-Reza hospital’ s laboratory to detect BLL enrolled in the study. Among them, 254 adult cases with BLLs≥ 10 µ g/dl were selected. Complete blood counts and peripheral blood smear were done. Other lab data were extracted from hospital files. Results: The mean BLL of 1649 participants was 59. 11± 116. 25 µ g/dl, ranging from 0 to 1580. Sixty nine percent of them had lead toxicity. Eighty-one percent (n=1341) of patients were males and 18. 7% (n=308) were females. In 254 selected cases, the mean BLL was 138. 17± 189. 98 µ g/dl. There were significant inverse correlations between BLL and red blood cell counts, hemoglobin, mean cell hemoglobin, total iron-binding capacity, target shape and basophilic stippling, as well as positive correlations between BLL and white blood cell counts, red cell distribution width, neutrophil counts and iron. Conclusion: Lead toxicity seems to be more frequent than it is expected. Patients with unexplained anemia with increased iron and decreased total iron-binding capacity are better to be evaluated for BLL.